Structured Description of Autonomous Inland Waterway Barge Operations

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing LtdAutonomous and unmanned shipping is revolutionizing the maritime industry by introducing a paradigm shift on how to design the vessels and supporting land-side infrastructure. Currently, there is a lack of formalisms on how to plan for such operations, determining the varying degrees of autonomy and human responsibility, whilst ensuring safety and security. This paper describes fundamental concepts of autonomy in the context of ships. These are then applied in a methodology used to create systematic and structured descriptions for the operation of autonomous ship systems. The examples we use are based on ongoing efforts related to a planned autonomous inland waterway (IWW) barge operation. Finally, we show how the descriptions can be used in conjunction with existing safety and security analysis techniques. Our experience with this methodology is that it allows for a smooth transition from the autonomous ship system design phase to the assessment of the same system using UML notations. We believe that the same methodology can be easily applied to the other use cases and similar systems elsewhere.publishedVersio

D4.3 Multi-modal communication - Securing future communication across different sectors and technologies

This document introduces the concept of multi-modal communication, using the coordination of a Search and Rescue (SAR) operation as an illustrating scenario, identifies challenges for secure information exchange and outlines the way forward. ISBN: 978-82-14-06462-9publishedVersio

Analyzing the Feasibility of an Unmanned Cargo Ship for Different Operational Phases

The maritime industry has begun to look into autonomous ships as an alternative to conventional ships due to growing pressure to reduce the environmental impact of maritime transportation, to increase safety, to mitigate the growing challenges in recruiting seafarers, and to increase profit margins. There is a lot of research on the challenges and feasibilities of an autonomous ship. However, there is less discussion on the transition from manned to unmanned ships and the tasks that are feasible to automate before the whole ship is unmanned. This paper investigates the technical and regulatory feasibility of automating different tasks for different operational phases for a large cargo ship. This study shows that a fully unmanned cargo ship is not feasible today, but that some tasks can be automated within the next five years.publishedVersio

D2.2 Updated cyber risk assessment for the maritime industry

This report presents an updated assessment of the cyberthreat landscape in the context of CySiMS-SE. It is based on the previous work from CySiMS “D1.1 Risk Model and Analysis” and the methodology from CySiMS-SE “D2.1 Expanded risk and CBA methodology”. The goal has been to show how we obtain required means and opportunities of attack vectors for the PKI and motivation factors for potential threat actors.978-82-14-06467-4publishedVersio

A Retrospective Analysis of Maritime Cyber Security Incidents

The maritime industry is undergoing a rapid evolution through the introduction of new technology and the digitization of existing services. At the same time, the digital attack surface is increasing, and incidents can lead to severe consequences. This study analyses and gives an overview of 46 maritime cyber security incidents from the last decade (2010-2020). We have collected information from open publications and reports, as well as anonymized data from insurance claims. Each incident is linked to a taxonomy of attack points related to onboard or off-ship systems, and the characteristics have been used to create a Top-10 list of maritime cyber threats. The results show that the maritime sector typically has incidents with low frequency and high impact, which makes them hard to predict and prepare for. We also infer that different types of attackers use a variety of attack points and techniques, hence there is no single solution to this problem.publishedVersio

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

Smartere transport – Møre & Romsdal: L4.2 Regulatoriske utfordringer for autonom sjøverts persontransport

Denne rapporten er utarbeidet på oppdrag for Møre og Romsdal fylkeskommune som del av prosjektet Smartere Transport – Møre og Romsdal. Rapporten retter innledningsvis fokus mot eksisterende initiativ innen regelverk og regelverksutvikling for godkjennelse av autonome skip. Herunder både internasjonale og nasjonale. Med dette som utgangspunkt gjøres en overordnet vurdering av sentrale nasjonale forskrifter som må hensyntas ved en eventuell realisering av prosjektets brukercase. Avslutningsvis presenteres regulatoriske utfordringer ved utvikling og godkjenning av autonome passasjerskip. Prosjektet har ved flere tilfeller identifisert dette til å være knyttet til hvordan en skal kunne verifisere at løsning for autonom navigasjon og manøvrering – kai-til-kai er tilstrekkelig god nok, samt behovet for nye sikkerhetsløsninger som en utløsende faktor for å oppnå en reduksjon i dagens sikkerhetsbemanning.Smartere transport – Møre & Romsdal: L4.2 Regulatoriske utfordringer for autonom sjøverts persontransportMøre og Romsdal fylkeskommunepublishedVersio

Grunnprinsipper for IKT-sikkerhet i industrielle IKT-systemer

Formålet med denne rapporten er å gi økt forståelse for grunnprinsipper for IKT sikkerhet i industrielle IKT-systemer (OT-systemer) i norsk petroleumsvirksomhet basert på NSMs grunnprinsipper for IKT-sikkerhet. Vi har også vurdert i hvilken grad elementer i NVEs kraftberedskapsforskrift og NIST CyberSecurity Framework (CSF) er relevante for industrielle IKT-systemer i petroleumsvirksomheten. Denne rapporten er en av seks SINTEF-rapporter fra prosjektet: "IKT-sikkerhet – Robusthet i petroleumssektoren 2020". Prosjektet har innhentet kunnskap om risiko, sårbarheter og IKT-sikkerhet for industrielle IKT-systeme

D4.3 Multi-modal communication - Securing future communication across different sectors and technologies

This document introduces the concept of multi-modal communication, using the coordination of a Search and Rescue (SAR) operation as an illustrating scenario, identifies challenges for secure information exchange and outlines the way forward. ISBN: 978-82-14-06462-